We attempt to describe our books as accurately as possible. The best determinants of condition are the photos of the book. We can provide additional photos upon request.

There are several methods used in grading a book's condition, but one person's "very good" may be another's "good". Examine the photos carefully as they are an integral part of the description of a book. If you have any questions about a book's condition please contact us.

Grade is determined by the condition of the covers, binding, and text relative to the book's age. Some books may have "fair" covers but good or very good text. These differences will be noted in the description and/or photos.

THE PRICE OF A BOOK IS DETERMINED BY IT CONDITION, DESIRABILITY, AND SCARCITY.

F: Fine. A book that has probably not been read, or read very little and well cared for. No wear of covers and no marks in the text.

NF: Near fine. A book that has minimal wear for its age. There may be minor "shelf wear" that occurs when the book is repeatedly removed and replaced.

VG: Very good. A book that has less than expected wear for its age. Minor rubbing of cloth or "bumping" of corners of covers or head or tail of spine. Pages are for the most part clean with perhaps a few minor handling marks. May contain a previous owner's name or bookplate.

G: Good. A book that has cover wear that is expected for its age (moderate fraying/rubbing of cover material and/or chipping/bumping/discoloration of spine material), minor splitting of internal or external hinge material, and some pages with minor foxing/staining/yellowing/handling marks.

Fair: A book with more wear than expected for its age. Covers very worn/discolored/stained, many pages stained/foxed/torn, in which case the price reflects the condition.